Recovering the Depth of Baptist Worship

Reflections on the conference
“Baptist Worship Old and New:
The Legacy of Stephen Winward”

5 March 2026

I spent yesterday at Regent’s Park College, Oxford, for a conference jointly organised by the Baptist Historical Society and the Centre for Baptist Studies, exploring the legacy of Stephen Winward and the renewal of Baptist worship in the mid-twentieth century.

Winward is not a name many contemporary Baptists immediately recognise. Yet the questions he was asking remain pressing. What is worship for? What should shape its order? How do word, sacrament and Spirit relate to one another? And how might our corporate worship form us into disciples capable of faithful living in the world?

Listening to the papers, I was struck by how many of these debates feel uncannily contemporary. The tensions between structure and spontaneity, sermon and sacrament, individual devotion and corporate participation, beauty and simplicity, intellect and embodiment all continue to shape the worship life of our churches.

For congregations like Bloomsbury Central Baptist Church, these conversations are not academic curiosities. They go to the heart of what it means to gather as the people of God.

Below are some reflections on the day, beginning with brief summaries of the papers, before turning to some wider theological and practical implications for contemporary worship.

A Mid-Century Vision for Baptist Worship

The opening paper by Andy Goodliff explored the influence of Stephen Winward and Neville Clark, two figures who sought to renew Baptist worship after the Second World War.

Winward’s vision was articulated through two key publications, The Way (1945, with Godfrey Robinson) and Orders and Prayers for Christian Worship (1960, with Ernest Payne). This latter was, for a time, in every Baptist Minister’s study, and wasn’t intended as a Baptist equivalent of the Book of Common Prayer, but rather as a set of resources offering a common order for Baptist worship.

At the heart of the project was a striking proposal: the renewal of Baptist worship to a pattern centred on the Lord’s Supper, preferably celebrated weekly, with the sermon no longer dominating the structure of the service. Instead, worship would hold together in equal balance the practices of Word, Sacrament and Spirit.

Winward and Clark emphasised the Jewish and early Christian roots of worship. Christian liturgy, they suggested, grows from two primary contexts: the synagogue and the upper room. By this vision, word and sacrament belong together.

Their work also attempted to bring an explicit pneumatology into Baptist worship. Worship was not simply an ordered sequence of events, but an encounter with God through the Holy Spirit.

In retrospect, Goodliff suggested, their influence can still be seen in some Baptist contexts. There are congregations which evidence careful and creative use of liturgy, congregational responses, a (modest) engagement with the Christian year, and a somewhat stronger place for communion within the service.

Yet much of their legacy has faded. In many Baptist settings, especially in larger gatherings such as Assembly or Association meetings, the dominant pattern now resembles the charismatic model: extended singing, Bible reading, sermon, more singing, and largely extemporaneous prayer. Carefully prepared liturgy has largely disappeared.

The Amersham Experiment

Ian Green offered a fascinating case study from Amersham Free Church, where Neville Clark served in the late 1950s and 1960s.

Clark arrived as a young minister of formidable intellect. Like Winward, he rejected the assumption that the sermon should be the climax of worship, with everything else acting as a prelude or conclusion. Instead he structured services around approach, word and sacrament, drawing inspiration from Roman Catholic and Anglican liturgical patterns.

He introduced a liturgical communion service on Sunday evenings, already the most popular service at the church. Predictably, this provoked some resistance. Six members left the church, while others complained about the rapid introduction of hundreds of new hymns.

Yet the church persevered, and by 1966 the congregation debated and eventually approved weekly communion at the evening service, while maintaining a monthly communion in the morning service.

Interestingly, Clark was not interested in liturgy as theatre. He avoided elaborate symbolism and sensory elements. For him, liturgy was primarily a theological exercise, a way of structuring the corporate response of the congregation to God.

His conclusion was simple but important: for liturgy to work, it must be genuinely corporate.

The Theology Behind the Reform

Ewan King explored the theological foundations of Winward’s thinking, particularly in The Reformation of our Worship (the Whitley Lectures for 1963).

Winward defined worship in very straightforward terms: the gathering of Christians in a place of worship, to perform acts of worship. He believed Christian life had been weakened by a persistent suspicion of “cultic” worship, and he sought to restore corporate worship to its rightful place.

A key concept in his work is concentration. Worship creates a space where attention can be directed toward the holy.

Another central idea is the pattern of divine address and human response. God speaks first. The congregation then responds in prayer, praise and sacrament. This theological conviction shapes the entire order of the service.

Winward also stressed participation, yet his understanding of this was somewhat modest. Saying “amen” or bringing forward the gifts for the table was, for him, sufficient evidence of congregational involvement.

King also raised important criticisms. Winward was deeply concerned with embodiment, encouraging practices such as kneeling and prostration. Yet his theology lacked a robust account of beauty or sacramental presence. Without a clearer ontology of signs and symbols, the embodied dimensions of worship risk appearing as personal aesthetic preferences rather than essential theological realities.

Worship and the Formation of Disciples

One of the most stimulating papers came from James Henley, who explored Winward’s insights into the relationship between worship and ethical formation.

Drawing on virtue ethics and thinkers such as Stanley Hauerwas and Alasdair MacIntyre, Henley suggests that worship forms the moral habits of the Christian community. Human beings are constantly being shaped by competing practices and desires, thus Christian worship offers a counter-formation that re-orients our desires toward God.

The key mechanism for this formation is repeated practice. Through participating in rituals, our bodies acquire habits. This means worship is fundamentally corporeal. The physical acts of kneeling, sharing bread, offering gifts, and speaking prayers do not merely express inner faith. They actively shape who we become.

Henley suggested that, for Winward, the weekly eucharist plays a central role in this process. For many Baptists, the presence of Christ is understood primarily in the gathered community rather than in the elements themselves, and so participation in the shared meal teaches us a new grammar of faith and relationship.

Yet he also acknowledged the obvious difficulty. Participation in the sacraments does not automatically produce moral transformation. Churches that celebrate communion faithfully can still perpetuate injustice and violence.

His suggestion was that worship must be held together with two other Baptist practices: immersion in scripture and the communal discernment of the church meeting. The covenant enacted at the communion table must be lived out in the practices of decision-making and mutual accountability within the congregation.

Worship from the Windrush Perspective

Angelee Frederick offered a powerful paper reflecting on the contribution of the Windrush generation to British Baptist worship, focusing on the ministry of Sam Reid, a contemporary of Stephen Winward, who was the Minister at Moss Side Baptist Church in the early 1960s.

Reid had been trained in Jamaica within a liturgical framework shaped by British traditions. Under his leadership the congregation at Moss Side grew significantly, but perhaps more importantly his ministry embodied practices of reconciliation and peace in a racially divided context.

For Reid, worship was never confined to the church building. His ministry extended into community life and eventually into politics. When he returned to Jamaica he served as a senator, advocating for the poor and vulnerable.

Frederick suggested that this example echoes Winward’s proposal that worship is not merely about internal spiritual experience. Rather, worship must overflow into the public life of communities as the people transformed by encounter with Christ become themselves agents of transformation.

Where Might Winward Worship Today?

The closing paper by Shona Shaw asked a provocative question: if Winward walked into a Baptist church today, where might he feel at home?

It is clear from his writings that Winward loved words, and that he cared deeply about the theological content of worship. Yet Shaw noted that many contemporary Baptist churches now choose extempore words over those carefully crafted in advance, and refer to musicians as the “worship group”, implying that worship is primarily the musical component of the service. In such contexts, she suggested, the deeper craft of shaping worship is often neglected.

Yet Winward insisted that heartfelt worship does not mean uncrafted worship. For him, and possibly for us too, thoughtful liturgy matters. He also emphasised the integration of cult and conduct. Worship on Sunday shapes service in the world during the week. The eucharistic meal is not simply symbolic but forms us for lives offered to God.

Shaw also reflected on the experience of the pandemic, which forced many churches to celebrate communion online. For her, this exposed the importance of physical presence, with the sacrament requiring “bodies gathered together” to be meaningful.

In the end, she suggested, that while some elements of Winward’s vision may need to be left behind, others remain deeply relevant.

What Might This Mean for Churches Today?

Listening to these papers left me reflecting on what they might mean for the practice of worship in contemporary congregations such as Bloomsbury.

Several themes seem especially significant.

1. Recovering the Eucharistic Centre

One of Winward’s most striking claims was that the normative act of Christian worship is the Lord’s Supper. For many Baptists this remains a radical idea. Our worship services often revolve around the sermon and the singing.

For Winward, the eucharist embodies something the sermon alone cannot achieve. Around the table we encounter Christ not simply through words but through shared action. Bread is broken. Wine is shared. The body of Christ is recognised in one another.

In a fragmented and individualistic culture, this shared meal offers a powerful counter-practice. It reminds us that faith is not merely a set of beliefs but a communion of lives. For churches like Bloomsbury, the question is not simply how often we celebrate communion, but how deeply it shapes our imagination of what church is.

2. The Order of Worship Matters

Another important insight concerns the structure of worship. The pattern of divine address and human response offers a helpful framework. Worship begins with God’s initiative. Scripture is read. God speaks. Only then do we respond in prayer, praise and sacrament.

This ordering reminds us that worship is not something we create for ourselves. It is a response to grace already given. Carefully crafted liturgy can help a congregation inhabit that theological truth.

3. Beauty and Transcendence

One of the intriguing critiques raised today concerned the absence of an explicit theology of beauty in Winward’s work. Yet beauty matters. Music, architecture, silence, poetry, movement, and ritual all contribute to an experience of transcendence that words alone cannot provide.

For congregations worshipping in historically significant buildings, such as Bloomsbury, the relationship between space and liturgy becomes particularly important, as the architecture itself shapes the way worship is experienced. The building is not merely a container for worship. It participates in it.

4. Embodied Worship

The conference repeatedly returned to the theme of embodiment. Christian worship involves bodies. We stand. We sit. We kneel. We eat. We drink. We sing. These physical practices shape the habits of our faith. In a culture increasingly mediated by screens and abstraction, this embodied dimension may be more important than ever.

5. Word, Sacrament and Spirit

One of the most intriguing aspects of Winward and Clark’s vision was their attempt to hold together word, sacrament and Spirit. Many Baptist churches emphasise the word. Charismatic traditions emphasise the Spirit. Historic liturgical traditions emphasise sacrament. Perhaps the future of Baptist worship lies in refusing to choose between them. Healthy worship may need all three.

6. Recognising Christ in One Another

Finally, Henley’s reflections on the relationship between communion and the church meeting deserve serious attention. At the eucharistic table we recognise Christ in one another. If that recognition is genuine, it must shape how we treat one another when making decisions, resolving disagreements, and discerning the direction of the church. The sacrament becomes not merely a ritual but a training ground for communal discernment.

Worship as the Source of Christian Life

The most important insight from the day might be this. Worship is not simply something the church does. It is the source from which the church’s life flows. In worship we encounter God. In worship our desires are re-oriented. In worship we glimpse the kingdom that God is bringing into being.

If that is true, then the careful shaping of worship is not a peripheral concern. It is central to the life and mission of the church. Stephen Winward believed that worship needed continual reformation.

Perhaps he was right.

Faithful Christ, Fragile Disciple

A Sermon for Bloomsbury Central Baptist Church

8^th March 2026 (3^rd Sunday in Lent)

The Denial of St Peter, by Caravaggio

Genesis 32.22–31
John 18.12–27

Lent is a season that invites us to stop pretending.

It draws us away from religious performance
            and into honest self-examination.

We are asked, gently but persistently,
            to look at ourselves in the light of Christ’s journey to the cross
            and to ask uncomfortable questions.

Where do we shrink back? Where do we compromise?
            Where does fear shape our choices more than love does?

The story of Peter’s denial sits squarely within that Lenten work.
            It is not an easy story, because Peter is not a villain.
                        He is not Judas.
                        He is not an enemy of Jesus.
            He is a devoted disciple, a passionate follower,
                        someone who has left everything to walk this road.

And yet, when the pressure rises,
            when association with Jesus becomes dangerous rather than inspiring,
                        he falters.
            He denies even knowing the one he loves.

That is why this gospel story matters so deeply.
            It tells the truth about denial, about fear, and about restoration.

It reminds us that failure is not the end of the story.
            It reminds us that the gap between our promises and our actions is real.
And it reminds us, most importantly,
            that God’s faithfulness does not collapse when ours does.

We began worship with words that frame this whole encounter:
            “Lord, you know our weakness. Have mercy on us.
            Even when we deny, you remain faithful.”

That is not sentimental reassurance.
            It is hard-won theological truth.

The God revealed in Jesus is not surprised by our frailty.
            God knows the limits of our courage.
            God sees the tremor in our voice before we speak.
And still, we are called.
            Still, we are invited into discipleship.
            Still, we are trusted with the work of love in the world.

Lent does not ask us to become stronger by sheer willpower.
            It asks us to become more truthful.
To name our fear.
            To recognise our capacity for denial.

And to discover that we are held, even there,
            by a mercy deeper than our failure.

John’s Gospel sets Peter’s denial
            within the unfolding drama of Jesus’ arrest.

The soldiers and officials come,
            Jesus is seized and bound,
            and he is led away for questioning.

Peter follows, at a distance.
            He has not fled entirely.
            He is still near enough to see what is happening.
But he is no longer at Jesus’ side.

What is striking in John’s telling
            is the contrast between Jesus and those around him.
Jesus is composed. He speaks clearly.
            He answers questions directly.
Even in arrest, he is not diminished.
            He knows who he is and why he has come.
There is a quiet authority about him, even in chains.

Around him, however, anxiety ripples.
            The disciples scatter.
            Peter oscillates between courage and fear.

Only moments earlier in the garden he had drawn a sword,
            striking out in misguided defence.
It was an impulsive act of loyalty, bold but confused.
            Yet that flash of bravery quickly evaporates.

Now, standing by the fire in the high priest’s courtyard,
            he is asked a simple question:
“You are not also one of this man’s disciples, are you?”
            And he says, “I am not.”

It’s tempting to imagine Peter calculating,
            carefully choosing self-preservation.
But the text suggests something more immediate and human.
            This is not cold betrayal. It is panic.
            It is the instinctive reflex of someone suddenly aware of danger.

Each denial comes under pressure, in the glare of suspicion,
            and each time he retreats further from the truth of who he is.

The scene is painfully recognisable.
            Courage in the abstract is easy.
            Courage in the cold night, under hostile eyes, is something else entirely.
And so Peter’s denial becomes not just his story, but ours.

Peter’s denial is painful to read, but it is not alien to us.
            It follows a pattern that is deeply human.
When fear rises, clarity falters.
            When danger feels close, our instincts take over.
The promises we made in safety can dissolve under pressure.

Peter had promised unwavering loyalty.
            He had insisted that even if others fell away, he would remain.
There is no reason to doubt his sincerity.
            He meant it when he said it.
But sincerity is not the same as steadiness.

In the courtyard, beside the charcoal fire,
            his body responds before his theology does.
A question is asked. A threat is implied.
            And his mouth forms the words: “I am not.”

It’s easy to judge from a distance.
            But most of us know what it is to lose our nerve.
We know what it is to stay silent when we should speak.
            We know what it is to soften a conviction
            because we do not want to stand out.
We know what it is to protect ourselves first and trust God later.
            Peter’s denial is not monstrous. It is recognisable.

That is why pairing this reading with Genesis 32 can be illuminating.
            Jacob, on the night before meeting Esau,
                        finds himself alone by the river Jabbok.
            He wrestles through the dark with a mysterious figure
                        who is at once stranger and God.

It is a scene thick with vulnerability.
            Jacob is afraid. His past is catching up with him.
            He has deceived and grasped and manoeuvred for much of his life.
But now he cannot strategise his way forward.
            He must wrestle.

And in that wrestling, he is changed.
            He receives a new name, Israel, and he leaves with a limp.
He is marked by the encounter.
            His vulnerability becomes the place of transformation.

Peter’s courtyard is not as dramatic as Jacob’s riverbank,
            but it is just as revealing.

In that moment of denial,
            Peter encounters the truth about himself.
He is not as strong as he imagined.
            His courage is more fragile than he thought.

Yet this exposure, painful as it is,
            becomes part of the reshaping of his discipleship.
Like Jacob, he will carry the mark of this night.
            It will humble him. It will deepen him.
            It will make him a different kind of leader.

Both stories remind us that God does not wait for us to be impressive.
            God meets us in the dark, in fear,
            in the places where our self-confidence fractures.

And of course, fear does more than make us anxious.
            It can distort who we are.
            It can shrink our world to the size of immediate survival.
Under its influence, identity becomes negotiable.
            Peter, who has left everything to follow Jesus,
            now distances himself from him in order to stay safe.
            “I am not,” he says. Three times.

The tragedy of the denials
            lies in the gap between intention and action.
Peter intends to be faithful.
            He intends to stand with Jesus.
But when tested, his behaviour contradicts his commitment.

That gap is where so much of our spiritual struggle lives.
            We intend to love our neighbour.
            We intend to speak truth.
            We intend to act justly.
Yet fear of exclusion, conflict, or loss
            can bend us away from those intentions.

There is a cost to that bending.
            Something in Peter fractures as the rooster crows.
The Gospel tells us that Jesus turns and looks at him.
            And it is a devastating image,
                        not because it suggests condemnation,
            but because it suggests recognition.
Peter sees himself clearly in that glance.

And yet, even here, Jesus is not absent.
            He is not distracted. He is not done with Peter.
The story does not end in the courtyard.
            It moves through trial and crucifixion,
            through death and resurrection.

The one who remains composed in arrest
            will also be the one who seeks Peter out after Easter,
who cooks breakfast on the shore,
            who asks not for perfection but for love.

Fear has a cost, but it does not have the final word.
            Denial is real, but so is restoration.

The God who knows our weakness
            is also the God who rebuilds our identity,
not on our bravest moments,
            but on grace that endures even our worst ones.

One of the most striking features of this passage
            is not simply Peter’s collapse, but Jesus’ steadiness.
While Peter wavers in the courtyard,
            Jesus stands under interrogation.
While Peter distances himself from danger,
            Jesus moves towards it.

There is a quiet clarity about him throughout the scene.
            He knows who he is.
            He knows the truth he bears witness to.
He does not bluster, and he does not retreat.

John’s Gospel consistently portrays Jesus as deeply rooted in identity.
            He belongs to the Father.
            He has come to reveal divine love.
And he will not abandon that vocation,
            even when it leads to personal suffering.
His composure is not emotional detachment;
            it is faithfulness.
It is trust in the One who sent him
            and in the purpose that holds his life together.

That contrast matters.
            Because if Peter’s story were the only story here,
            we might leave with despair.
Human courage falters.
            Human promises fail.
            Human love trembles under pressure.
But the good news of this passage
            is that our discipleship rests not on our unbroken record,
            but on Christ’s unbroken faithfulness.

God’s commitment to us
            does not rise and fall with the steadiness of our devotion.
It does not depend on how loudly we profess belief
            or how bravely we perform under scrutiny.

The covenantal faithfulness revealed in Jesus
            is deeper than our inconsistency.
Even as Peter says, “I am not,”
            Jesus continues to embody, “I am.”
Even as Peter distances himself,
            Jesus draws near to the suffering of the world.

That is the ground on which restoration becomes possible.

Let’s face it, Lent can easily become a season of introspective heaviness.
            We name our failures.
            We confess our shortcomings.
            We sit with the reality of sin.
And that honesty is necessary.
            But Lent does not end in self-reproach.
It moves towards Easter.
            It moves towards reclamation.

Peter’s denial is not the final word over his life.
            The Gospel story carries us forward to the shoreline of Galilee,
            where the risen Jesus prepares breakfast and calls Peter by name.

Three times Peter had denied knowing him.
            Three times Jesus asks, “Do you love me?”
It is not an exercise in humiliation.
            It is an invitation to speak love where once there had been fear.
And each affirmation is met not with suspicion,
            but with commission: “Feed my sheep.”

Restoration is not simply forgiveness as erasure.
            It is forgiveness as recommissioning.
Peter is not cast aside because of his failure.
            He is reshaped by it.

The one who has discovered the limits of his own courage
            becomes a leader who knows that ministry depends on grace.
The wound of denial
            becomes the place where humility grows.

In that sense, our failures can become sites of deep learning.
            When we discover that we are not as brave, not as consistent,
                        not as steadfast as we imagined,
            we are also freed from the illusion that everything depends on us.

Dependence on God stops being pious language
            and becomes lived necessity.
We learn to trust not in our capacity to get it right,
            but in the mercy that meets us when we do not.

That is why Lent is not about cultivating shame.
            It is about allowing grace to find us
            precisely where we would rather hide.

So where does this leave us as a community?
            It would be easy to keep Peter at a safe distance,
            as a cautionary tale from long ago.
But the Gospel invites us to see ourselves in him.

Where have we softened our discipleship because it felt costly?
            Where have we chosen silence rather than solidarity?
Where have we distanced ourselves from Christ’s way
            of justice, compassion and truth
            because it risked misunderstanding or exclusion?

Perhaps our denials are subtle.
            A conversation we avoided.
            A prejudice we did not challenge.
            A neighbour we failed to see.
            A system we benefited from without question.
Fear does not always shout.
            Sometimes it whispers that this is not the moment,
            that someone else will speak,
            that we should not make things awkward.

The hymn we will sing shortly, “When I needed a neighbour,”
            refuses that comfort.
It asks us to recognise Christ in the vulnerable
            and to see that love of neighbour is the measure of discipleship.
To step towards the one in need rather than away.
            To risk inconvenience for the sake of compassion.

But we do not step forward by shaming ourselves into action.
            We step forward because we trust the mercy of God.
We confess honestly, knowing we are not discarded.
            We admit our fear, knowing we are not abandoned.
And from that secure ground,
            we can dare to live differently.

A community shaped by grace
            becomes a community capable of courage.
Not flawless courage, but faithful courage.
            The kind that knows its own limits and relies on God’s strength.

Peter’s denial reminds us of our frailty.
            Jesus’ steadfastness reveals God’s constancy.
Between those two realities,
            the Christian life unfolds.

We are not asked to pretend we are stronger than we are.
            We are invited to bring our weakness into the light.
The God we worship already knows it.
            “Lord, you know our weakness. Have mercy on us.”
That prayer from our call to worship is not a last resort.
            It is the beginning of transformation.

Even when we deny, God remains faithful.
            Even when fear distorts our actions, grace holds us fast.
And in that grace we are not left unchanged.
            We are forgiven. We are restored.
            We are strengthened to follow again.

So as we continue our Lenten journey,
            may we trust the One who does not waver.
May we allow our failures to become doorways
            to deeper dependence.

And may the merciful God who forgives our failings
            also strengthen us, day by day,
            to follow faithfully in the way of Christ.

Let us pray.

Faithful God,
            you see us more clearly than we see ourselves.

You know the promises we have made,
            and the promises we have broken.
You know the moments when we have spoken with courage,
            and the moments when fear has tightened our throats.

In the quiet now,
            we bring before you the places where we have said, in word or in action,
“I am not.”

Where we have distanced ourselves from your way of love.
            Where we have chosen safety over compassion.
Where we have remained silent rather than stand alongside another.

Hold those memories gently.
            Not to shame us,
            but to heal us.

As Peter stood in the courtyard and met the gaze of Jesus,
            so we dare to stand before you.
Not hiding.
            Not excusing.
Simply present.

Let your gaze be mercy.
Let your presence steady us.

Where fear has shaped us,
            breathe your peace.
Where shame has settled,
            speak your forgiveness.
Where we have lost confidence in ourselves,
            root us again in your faithfulness.

We thank you that our story does not end in denial.
We thank you that your love is deeper than our inconsistency.
We thank you that you meet us not only in our strength,
            but in our vulnerability.

Reshape our hearts in this Lenten season.
Teach us a courage that grows from trust.
Teach us a humility that grows from grace.
Teach us a love that turns again towards neighbour and stranger alike.

And in the stillness now,
            as we rest in your presence,
remind us that we are known,
            we are forgiven,
and we are called by name.

Amen.